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| Speech Recognition |
| 03.28.08 (2:36 am) [edit] |
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Speech recognition converts spoken words to machine-readable input (for example, to the binary code for a string of character codes. Speech recognition is the process of converting an acoustic signal, captured by a microphone or a telephone, to a set of words. The recognized words can be the final results, as for applications such as commands & control, data entry, and document preparation. They can also serve as the input to further linguistic processing in order to achieve speech understanding, a subject covered in section.The term voice recognition may also be used to refer to speech recognition, but more precisely refers to speaker recognition, which attempts to identify the person speaking, as opposed to what is being said. It is also known as automatic speech recognition or computer speech recognition. Speech recognition applications include voice dialing , call routing , domotic appliance control and content-based spoken audio search, simple data entry (e.g., entering a credit card number), preparation of structured documents (e.g., , speech-to-text processing, and in aircraft cockpits. Speech recognition systems can be characterized by many parameters, An isolated-word speech recognition system requires that the speaker pause briefly between words, whereas a continuous speech recognition system does not. Spontaneous, or extemporaneously generated, speech contains disfluencies, and is much more difficult to recognize than speech read from script. Some systems require speaker enrollment---a user must provide samples of his or her speech before using them, whereas other systems are said to be speaker-independent, in that no enrollment is necessary. Some of the other parameters depend on the specific task. Recognition is generally more difficult when vocabularies are large or have many similar-sounding words. When speech is produced in a sequence of words, language models or artificial grammars are used to restrict the combination of words.
Speech recognition is a difficult problem, largely because of the many sources of variability associated with the signal. First, the acoustic realizations of phonemes, the smallest sound units of which words are composed, are highly dependent on the context in which they appear. These phonetic variabilities are exemplified by the acoustic differences of the phoneme /t/ in two, true, and butter in American English. At word boundaries, contextual variations can be quite dramatic---making gas shortage sound like gash shortage in American English, and devo andare sound like devandare in Italian. Second, acoustic variabilities can result from changes in the environment as well as in the position and characteristics of the transducer. Third, within-speaker variabilities can result from changes in the speaker's physical and emotional state, speaking rate, or voice quality. Finally, differences in sociolinguistic background, dialect, and vocal tract size and shape can contribute to across-speaker variabilities.
One of the most notable domains for the commercial application of speech recognition in the United States has been health care and in particular the work of the medical transcriptionist. According to industry experts, at its inception, speech recognition (SR) was sold as a way to completely eliminate transcription rather than make the transcription process more efficient, hence it was not accepted. It was also the case that SR at that time was often technically deficient.Additionally, to be used effectively, it required changes to the ways physicians worked and documented clinical encounters, which many if not all were reluctant to do. The biggest limitation to speech recognition automating transcription, however, is seen as the software. The nature of narrative dictation is highly interpretive and often requires judgment that may be provided by a real human but not yet by an automated system. Another limitation has been the extensive amount of time required by the user and/or system provider to train the software.
A distinction in ASR is often made between "artificial syntax systems" which are usually domain-specific and "natural language processing" which is usually language-specific. Each of these types of application presents its own particular goals and challenges.
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| Aerospace engineering |
| 03.25.08 (2:09 am) [edit] |
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Aerospace comprises the atmosphere of Earth and surrounding space. Typically the term is used to refer to the industry that researches, designs, manufactures, operates, and maintains vehicles moving through air and space. Aerospace is a very diverse field, with a multitude of commercial, industrial and military applications.Aerospace is not the same as airspace, which is a term used to describe the physical air space directly above a location on the ground. Aerospace engineering is the branch of engineering that concerns the design, construction and science behind aircraft and spacecraft. Aerospace engineering has broken into two major branches, aeronautical engineering and astronautical engineering. The former deals with craft that stay within Earth's atmosphere, and the latter deals with craft that operate outside of Earth's atmosphere. While "aeronautical" was the original term, the broader "aerospace" has superseded the it in usage, as flight technology advanced to include craft operating in outer space. Aerospace engineering is often informally called rocket science in common terms. The field of aerospace has been investigated for centuries but it can be said that modern aerospace began with the first powered flight at Kitty Hawk on December 17, 1903, by the Wright brothers. From there, aerospace has grown to be one of the most exciting, diverse, and fast paced fields of today. From the hot-air balloons of 18th century to the first wood-and-cloth plane of Wilbur and Orville Wright to the first manned mission to the moon on Apollo 11 to the new and exciting aircraft being developed by companies like Boeing, Airbus, and Bombardier, aerospace has come a long way in a little over a century. Modern flight vehicles must undergo severe conditions such as differences in atmospheric pressure and temperature, or heavy structural load applied upon vehicle components; numerous matters must be taken into account, especially during the design and manufacture of the flight vehicle. Consequently, they are usually the products of a complex synthesis of various technologies and sciences, including but not limited to aerodynamics, avionics, materials science and propulsion. The knowledge and the process of combining these various branches of studies is collectively known as aerospace engineering. Because of the complexity of the field, aerospace engineering is conducted by a team of engineers, each specializing in their own branches of science. The development and manufacturing of a flight vehicle demands careful balance and compromise between abilities, performance, available technology and costs. Popular culture has not been unaffected by this branch of engineering. The term "rocket scientist" is at times used to describe a person of remarkable or in the considered context higher than average intelligence. Aerospace engineering has also been represented as the more "glittery" pinnacle of engineering. The movie Apollo 13 depicts the ground team as a group of heroes in a Hollywood fashion glorifying the intelligence and competence of white shirt and tie professionals as a sharp contrast to pop culture trends. This was later extended in more detail in the spin-off series From the Earth to the Moon.
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| Nuclear Technology |
| 03.14.08 (3:40 am) [edit] |
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Nuclear technology is technology that includes the reactions of atomic nuclei. It has found applications from smoke detectors to nuclear reactors, and from gun sights to nuclear weapons. There is a great deal of public concern about its possible implications, and every application of nuclear technology is reviewed with care. In 1896, Henri Becquerel was investigating phosphorescence in uranium salts when he discovered a new phenomenon which came to be called radioactivity. He, Pierre Curie and Marie Curie began investigating the phenomenon. In the process they isolated the element radium, which is highly radioactive. They discovered that radioactive materials produce intense, penetrating rays of several distinct sorts, which they called alpha rays, beta rays and gamma rays. Some of these kinds of radiation could pass through ordinary matter, and all of them could cause damage in large amounts - all the early researchers received various radiation burns, much like sunburn, and thought little of it. The concept of radioactivity was seized upon by the manufacturers of quack medicine as had the discoveries of electricity and magnetism, earlier, and any number of patent medicines and treatments involving radioactivity were put forward. Gradually it came to be realized that the radiation produced by radioactive decay was ionizing radiation, and that quantities too small to burn presented a severe long-term hazard. Many of the scientists working on radioactivity died of cancer as a result of their exposure. Radioactive patent medicines mostly disappeared, but other applications of radioactive materials persisted, such as the use of radium salts to produce glowing dials on meters.
With the invention of atom the nature of radioactivity became clearer: some atomic nuclei are unstable, and they can decay, releasing energy in the form of gamma rays, high-energy photons and nuclear fragments alpha particles, a pair of protons and a pair of neutrons, and beta particles, high-energy electrons.
The period of World war 2nd have significant history of nuclear technology. Radioactivity is generally a slow and difficult process to control, and is unsuited to building a weapon. However, other nuclear reactions are possible. In particular, a sufficiently unstable nucleus can undergo nuclear fission, breaking into two smaller nuclei and releasing energy and some fast neutrons. This neutron could, if captured by another nucleus, cause that nucleus to undergo fission as well. The process could then continue in a nuclear chain reaction. Such a chain reaction could release a vast amount of energy in a short amount of time. Atom bomb was used for first time during world war 2nd.
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| Applied Science |
| 03.14.08 (2:50 am) [edit] |
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Applied science is the exact science of applying knowledge from one or more natural scientific fields to practical problems. Many applied sciences can be considered forms of engineering. Applied science is important for technology development. Its use in industrial settings is usually referred to as research and development. The following are the major fields where we can see the different uses of applied sciences-: Artificial intelligence, Ceramic engineering, Computing technology, Electronics, Energy, Energy storage, Engineering physics, Environmental technology, Materials science, Materials engineering, Microtechnology, Nanotechnology, Nuclear technology and Optical engineering.
Artificial Intelligence-: It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence, but Artificial Intelligence does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable. Varying kinds and degrees of intelligence occur in people, many animals and some machines. Intelligence is the computational part of the ability to achieve goals in the world.
We can use it in different purposes like game playing, speech recongnition, understanding natural language, computer vision, expert systems and heuristic classification.
Ceramic Engineering-: Ceramic engineering is the technology of manufacturing and usage of ceramic materials. Ceramic covers inorganic non-metallic materials which are formed by the action of heat. The technology of manufacturing and usage of ceramic materials is part of the field of ceramic engineering. Most of ceramic materials are hard, porous, and brittle. The study and development of ceramics includes methods to mitigate problems associated with these characteristics, and to accentuate the strengths of the materials as well as to investigate novel applications.
Energy Storage-: Energy storage as a natural process is as old as the universe itself. Storing of some form of energy that can be drawn upon at a later time to perform some useful operation is knwon as Energy Storsge. A device that stores energy is sometimes called an accumulator. All forms of energy are either potential energy such as chemical or gravitational, kinetic energy, thermal energy, or electrical energy. A wind up clock stores potential energy here mechanical, in the spring tension, a battery stores readily convertible chemical energy to keep a clock chip in a computer running electrically even when the computer is turned off, and a hydroelectric dam stores power in a reservoir as gravitational potential energy. Even food is a form of energy storage, chemical in this case.
Environmental Technology-: Environmentel Technology is Technology that can be applied to enable environmentally sound technological development and products. It includes process technology, purification technology, treatment of waste such as recycling. Development of products and technical equipment to observe and preserve the environment by preventing pollution. Environmental sciences are applied to conserve the natural environment and resources, and by curbing the negative impacts of human involvement. Sustainable development is the core of environmental technologies.
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| Industrial Technologoy |
| 03.12.08 (12:05 am) [edit] |
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Induries have very wide scope for application of different technologies.There are four key sectors of industry: the primary sector, largely raw material extraction industries such as mining and farming; the secondary sector, involving refining and manufacturing; the tertiary sector, which deals with services such as law and medicine and distribution of manufactured goods; and the quaternary sector, a relatively new type of industry focussing on technological research, design and development.
There are several branches of technology and engineering specialised for industrial application. This includes mathematical models, patented inventions and craft skills.
These are the following feilds where we can see the use of technology-: Construction, Financial engineering, Manufacturing, Machinery, Mining, Business Informatics.
Industrial construction-: It is relatively small part of the entire construction industry, but a very important component. Owners of these projects are usually large, for-profit, industrial corporations. These corporations can be found in such industries as medicine, petroleum, chemical, power generation, manufacturing, etc. Processes in these industries require highly specialized expertise in planning, design, and construction. As in building and heavy/highway construction, this type of construction requires a team of individuals to ensure a successful project. In the fields of architecture and civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the building or assembling of infrastructure. Far from being a single activity, large scale construction is a feat of multitasking. Normally the job is managed by the project manager and supervised by the construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or project architect. For the successful execution of a project, effective technology and planning is essential. Those involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure in question must consider the environmental impact of the job, the successful scheduling, budgeting, site safety, availability of materials, logistics, inconvenience to the public caused by construction delays, preparing tender documents.
Financial Engineering-: Financial Engineering plays a very important rofe in the field of industery. It relies on mathematical finance, numerical methods and computer simulations to make trading, hedging and investment decisions, as well as facilitating the risk management of those decisions. Utilizing various methods, practitioners of computational finance aim to precisely determine the financial risk that certain financial instruments create.
Manufacturing-: Manufacturing takes place under all types of economic systems. In a capitalist economy, manufacturing is usually directed toward the mass production of products for sale to consumers at a profit. In a collectivist economy, manufacturing is more frequently directed by a state agency to supply perceived needs. In modern economies, manufacturing occurs under some degree of government regulation. Modern manufacturing includes all intermediate processes required for the production and integration of a product's components. Some industries, such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers use the term fabrication instead. The manufacturing sector is closely connected with engineering and industrial design. Examples of major manufacturers in the United States include General Motors Corporation, Ford Motor Company, Chrysler, Boeing, Gates Rubber Company and Pfizer. Examples in Europe include France's Airbus and Michelin Tire. Modern proponents of Fair Trade policy and a strong manufacturing base for the U.S. economy include economists Paul Craig Roberts and Ravi Batra, and commentator Lou Dobbs.
Mining-: Mining is also an industry where we uses different technologies. Since the beginning of civilization people have used stone, ceramics and, later, metals found on or close to the Earth's surface. These were used to manufacture early tools and weapons. For example, high quality flint found in northern France and southern England were used to set fire and break rock. It is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually but not always from an ore body, vein or coal seam. Materials recovered by mining include bauxite, coal, copper, gold, silver, diamonds, iron, precious metals, lead, limestone, magnesite, nickel, phosphate, oil shale, rock salt, tin, uranium and molybdenum. Any material that cannot be grown from agricultural processes, or created artificially in a laboratory or factory, is usually mined. Mining in a wider sense comprises extraction of any non-renewable resource such as petroleum, natural gas, or even water. Mining can be divided into tow categories -: Surface mining it includesopen hit mining, placer mining, strip mining, quarrying and mountainship removal. And second is sub-surfacemining which includes slope mining, borehole mining, drift mining, shaft mining, sublevel caving and retreat mining.
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| Electrical Engineering |
| 03.11.08 (11:29 pm) [edit] |
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Electrical engineering the branch of engineering science that studies the uses of electricity and the equipment for power generation and distribution and the control of machines and communication. It is technology of application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism. Sometimes referred to as electrical and electronic engineering, is an engineering field that deals with the study of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism. The field first became an identifiable occupation in the late nineteenth century after commercialization of the electric telegraph and electrical power supply. The field now covers a range of sub-studies including power, electronics, control systems, signal processing and telecommunications.
Electrical engineering may or may not encompass electronic engineering. Where a distinction is made, usually outside of the United States, electrical engineering is considered to deal with the problems associated with large-scale electrical systems such as power transmission and motor control, whereas electronic engineering deals with the study of small-scale electronic systems including computers and integrated circuits. Another way of looking at the distinction is that electrical engineers are usually concerned with using electricity to transmit energy, while electronic engineers are concerned with using electricity to transmit information.Electricity has been a subject of scientific interest since at least the early 17th century. The first electrical engineer was probably William Gilbert who designed the versorium: a device that detected the presence of statically charged objects. He was also the first to draw a clear distinction between magnetism and static electricity and is credited with establishing the term electricity.However, it was not until the 19th century that research into the subject started to intensify. Notable developments in this century include the work of Georg Ohm, who in 1827 quantified the relationship between the electric current and potential difference in a conductor, Michael Faraday, the discoverer of electromagnetic induction in 1831, and James Clerk Maxwell, who in 1873 published a unified theory of electricity and magnetism in his treatise Electricity and Magnetism.
During these years, the study of electricity was largely considered to be a subfield of physics. It was not until the late 19th century that universities started to offer degrees in electrical engineering. The Darmstadt University of Technology founded the first chair and the first faculty of electrical engineering worldwide in 1882. In 1883 Darmstadt University of Technology and Cornell University introduced the world's first courses of study in electrical engineering, and in 1885 the University College London founded the first chair of electrical engineering in the United Kingdom. The University of Missouri subsequently established the first department of electrical engineering in the United States in 1886.
During the development of radio, many scientists and inventors contributed to radio technology and electronics. In his classic UHF experiments of 1888, Heinrich Hertz transmitted via a spark-gap transmitter and detected radio waves using electrical equipment. In 1895, Nikola Tesla was able to detect signals from the transmissions of his New York lab at West Point a distance of 80.4 km. In 1897, Karl Ferdinand Braun introduced the cathode ray tube as part of an oscilloscope, a crucial enabling technology for electronic television. John Fleming invented the first radio tube, the diode, in 1904. Two years later, Robert von Lieben and Lee De Forest independently developed the amplifier tube, called the triode. In 1920 Albert Hull developed the magnetron which would eventually lead to the development of the microwave oven in 1946 by Percy Spencer. In 1934 the British military began to make strides towards radar which also uses the magnetron under the direction of Dr Wimperis, culminating in the operation of the first radar station at Bawdsey in August 1936.
From the Global Positioning System to electric power generation, electrical engineers have contributed to the development of a wide range of technologies. They design, develop, test and supervise the deployment of electrical systems and electronic devices. For example, they may work on the design of telecommunication systems, the operation of electric power stations, the lighting and wiring of buildings, the design of household appliances or the electrical control of industrial machinery. Satellite communications is one of many projects an electrical engineer might work on. Satellite communications is one of many projects an electrical engineer might work on. Fundamental to the discipline are the sciences of physics and mathematics as these help to obtain both a qualitative and quantitative description of how such systems will work. Today most engineering work involves the use of computers and it is commonplace to use computer-aided design programs when designing electrical systems. Nevertheless, the ability to sketch ideas is still invaluable for quickly communicating with others. Electrical engineering has many sub-disciplines, the most popular of which are listed below. Although there are electrical engineers who focus exclusively on one of these sub-disciplines, many deal with a combination of them. Sometimes certain fields, such as electronic engineering and computer engineering, are considered separate disciplines in their own right. Power engineering deals with the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity as well as the design of a range of related devices. These include transformers, electric generators, electric motors, high voltage engineering and power electronics.Electronic engineering involves the design and testing of electronic circuits that use the properties of components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes and transistors to achieve a particular functionality. The tuned circuit, which allows the user of a radio to filter out all but a single station, is just one example of such a circuit. Microelectronics engineering deals with the design of very small electronic circuit components for use in an integrated circuit or sometimes for use on their own as a general electronic component. The most common microelectronic components are semiconductor transistors, although all main electronic components resistors, capacitors, inductors can be created at a microscopic level.
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| Biomedical Technology |
| 03.11.08 (12:32 am) [edit] |
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Biomedical science is study of biological systems of environmental and other living things for the benefit of human beings.Biomedical technology involves the application of engineering and technology principles to the domain of living or biological systems. Usually biomedical denotes a greater stress on problems related to human health and diseases. Biomedical engineering combined with Biotechnology is often called Biomedical Technology or Bioengineering. It has two wings: Biomedical Engineering dealing more with the Biophysics, and Biotechnology dealing more with the Biochemistry. It includes Biomedical engineering, Biomedical research, Biomedical science, Biomedical science, Bioengineering, Biotechnology. Biomedical technology have few branches like Cloning, Therapeutic clonig, Cryonics, Life extention.
Biotechnology-: Biotechnology revolbs around the biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. The most practical use of biotechnology, which is still present today, is the cultivation of plants to produce food suitable to humans. Specific organisms and organism byproducts were used to fertilize, restore nitrogen, and control pests. Throughout the use of agriculture farmers have inadvertently altered the genetics of their crops through introducing them to new environments and breeding them with other plants--one of the first forms of biotechnology. Biotechnology has applications in four major industrial areas, including health care medical, crop production and agriculture, non food industrial uses of crops and other products e.g. biodegradable plastics, vegetable oil, biofuels, and environmental uses.
Biomedical Engineering-: In Biomedical engineering the engineering principles and techniques are applied to the medical field. It combines the design and problem solving skills of engineering with the medical and biological science to help improve patient health care and the quality of life of healthy individuals. Biomedical engineering consists of research and development, covering an array of fields: bioinformatics, medical imaging, image processing, physiological signal processing, biomechanics, biomaterials and bioengineering, systems analysis, 3-D modeling, etc. Examples of concrete applications of biomedical engineering are the development and manufacture of biocompatible prostheses, medical devices, diagnostic devices and imaging equipment such as MRIs and EEGs, and pharmaceutical drugs. The following are the deciplines in Biomedical Engineerings which draw influence from various fields and sources. Biomaterials, Biomedical devices and instrumentation, Bioelectrical and neural engineering, Biomedical imaging and biomedical optics, Biomechanics and biotransport, Systems and integrative engineering
and Molecular, cellular and tissue engineering.
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| Mechanical Engineering |
| 03.09.08 (10:00 pm) [edit] |
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Mechanical Engineering Technology is the science in which a knowledge of the applied mathematical and natural sciences applies upon engineering principles and the implementation of technological advances for the benefit of humanity. Mechanical engineering technologists are expected to apply current technologies and principals to machine and product design, production, and manufacturing processes. Mechanical engineering technology is the application of physical principles and current technological developments to the creation of useful machinery and operation design. Technologies such as solid models may be used as the basis for finite element analysis and / or computational fluid dynamics of the design. Through the application of computer-aided manufacturing, the models may also be used directly by software to create "instructions" for the manufacture of objects represented by the models, through computer numerically-controlled machining or other automated processes, without the need for intermediate drawings. Mechanical engineering technology is concerned with the implementation of current mechanical engineering practices. Mechanical engineering technologists apply basic knowledge of mathematics and engineering science to the solution of design problems and to the operation and testing of engineering and mechanical systems. Mechanical engineering technologists are also expected to understand and be able to apply concepts from the chemistry and electrical engineering fields.
Engineering technology education focuses primarily on analyzing, applying, implementing, and improving existing technologies and is aimed at preparing graduates for the practice of engineering closest to the product improvement, manufacturing, and engineering operational functions. The program is accredited by the Technology Accreditation Commission of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology.The growing demand for modern and complex industrial machinery, machine tools, and computer-controlled processes makes the employment outlook excellent for mechanical engineering technologists. Postions are available in power generation, machine design, energy conservation, manufacturing operations, project planning, production supervision, plant operations, quality assurance, and technical sales and services. The occupational growth rate for mechanical engineering technologists is good and should provide excellent career opportunities.
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| Engineering Technology |
| 03.07.08 (10:52 pm) [edit] |
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Engineering is a branch of technology, applying scientific and technical manners to the design, analysis and production of a particular work object. Engineering programs are targeted toward development of conceptual skills, and consist of a sequence of engineering fundamentals and design courses, built on a foundation of complex mathematics and science courses. Engineering include more mathematics work and higher level mathematics.
Usally word Engineering and Engineering Technology uses with same meaning. Engineering Technology is different form Engineering. Engineering Technology (ET) is a field focuses on the applications of engineering and modern technology, rather than the theoretical.Engineering undergraduate programs often focus on theory, while technology programs usually focus on application. Engineering technology programs are oriented toward application, and provide their students introductory mathematics and science courses, and hands-on application of engineering fundamentals.
Engineering Technology have various feilds where we can apply it make maximum output with available resources. These are described as below.
Mechanical Engineering -: It is a branch of engineering that encompasses the generation and application of heat and mechanical power and the design, production, and use of machines and tools. In mechanical Engineering knowledge of the mathematical and physical sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize economically the materials and forces of nature for the progressive well-being of mankind.
Electrical Engineering -: Electrical Engineering is a feild of engineering that deals with the technology of electricity, especially the design and application of circuitry and equipment for power generation and distribution, machine control, and communications. It is science that studies the uses of electricity and the equipment for power generation and distribution and the control of machines and communication. there are contradictions, in some parts of the world, it is considered to be the most general of the electricity-related engineering disciplines, with electronics engineering being a subfield. Where as otheraas considered tt as electrical engineering, requiring that more generalised programs be called electrical and electronics engineering. Both terms define a broad field that encompasses many subfields including those that deal with power, instrumentation engineering, telecommunications, and semiconductor circuit design amongst many others.
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| Transport technology |
| 03.06.08 (2:02 am) [edit] |
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The transport has several aspects: loosely they can be divided into a triad of infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Infrastructure includes the transport networks such as roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals, pipelines and the nodes or terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations and seaports. The vehicles generally ride on the networks, such as automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, aircraft. The operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated on the network and the procedures set for this purpose.
Broadly speaking, the design of networks are the world's future. Domains of civil engineering and urban planning, the design of vehicles of mechanical engineering and specialized subfields such as nautical engineering and aerospace engineering, and the operations are usually specialized, though might appropriately belong to operations research or systems engineering.
The movement of people and goods from one place to another is called as transport. Industries which have the business of providing equipment, actual transport, transport of people or goods and services used in transport of goods or people make up a large broad and important sector of most national economies, and are collectively referred to as transport industries.
Aerospace, Aerospace engineering, Marine engineering, Motor vehicles and Space technology are the feilds of transport technology. And the following are modes of transport-:
Air transport
Cable transport
Conveyor transport
Human-powered transport
Hybrid transport
New Mobility Agenda
Rail transport
Road transport, including human-powered transport such as walking and cycling
Ship transport
Space transport
Sustainable transportation
Transport on other planets
Proposed future transport
Modes are combinations of networks, vehicles, and operations, and include walking, the road transport system, rail transport, ship transport and modern aviation.
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| Information and communication Technology |
| 03.06.08 (1:20 am) [edit] |
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Information is refered as a message from a sender to one or more receivers. Information is always about something. It may be a truth or a lie, or just the sound of a clap. Even a disruptive noise used to inhibit the flow of communication and create misunderstanding would in this view be a form of information. However, generally speaking, if the amount of information in the received message increases, the message is more accurate.
This model assumes there is a definite sender and at least one receiver. Many refinements of the model assume the existence of a common language understood by the sender and at least one of the receivers. An important variation identifies information as that which would be communicated by a message if it were sent from a sender to a receiver capable of understanding the message. information and data are often used interchangeably, they are actually very different. Data is a set of unrelated information, and as such is of no use until it is properly evaluated. Upon evaluation, once there is some significant relation between data, and they show some relevance, then they are converted into information. Now this same data can be used for different purposes. Thus, till the data convey some information, they are not useful.
An act of passing information and the process by which meanings are exchanged so as to produce understanding.Communication can be defined as the process of meaningful interaction among human beings. Dialogue is a form of communication in which both the parties are involved in sending and receiving information.
Information technology term has ballooned to encompass many aspects of computing and technology, and the term is more recognizable than ever before. The information technology umbrella can be quite large, covering many fields. IT professionals perform a variety of duties that range from installing applications to designing complex computer networks and information databases. A few of the duties that IT professionals perform may include data management, networking, engineering computer hardware, database and software design, as well as the management and administration of entire systems. When computer and communications technologies are combined, the result is information technology, or "infotech". Information Technology (IT) is a general term that describes any technology that helps to produce, manipulate, store, communicate, and/or disseminate information.
Information Technology is a key ingredient for businesses trading in the 21 century. Through better use of communication and IT infrastructure, businesses can now open their doors to international markets as well as competition. Its reach cuts across industry segments and geographical locations. This has fueled the need for well-qualified and skilled information technology professionals mainly in computers and telecommunications.
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| Branches Of Technology |
| 03.05.08 (10:11 pm) [edit] |
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Appling the procedures to make tools,instruments and other various objects known as Technology. It is the state of knowledge and development at any given time on controlling our surroundings, and includes all tools such as utensils, devices, machinery, inventions, and structures, all methods such as skills, processes, and techniques, and all applied materials such as both raw and manufactured. In the most general sense, technology Man's ability to control Nature, in general is refered as Technology.
The following list is as an overview of branches of technology and their related feilds-:
Domestic and residential-: Domestic appliances, Domestic technology, Educational technology, Food products and production.
Sport and recreation-: Camping equipment, Playground, Sports and Sports equipment.
Health and safety-: Biomedical engineering, Bioinformatics, Biotechnology, Cheminformatics, Fire protection technology, Health technologies, Pharmaceuticals and Safety engineering.
Engineering-: Materials engineering, Mechanical engineering, Metallurgical engineering, Nuclear engineering, Electrical engineering,Electronics engineering, Environmental engineering, Industrial engineering, Biomedical technology, Chemical engineering, Civil engineering and Computer engineering.
Industry-: Construction, Financial engineering, Manufacturing, Machinery and Mining.
Transport-:Aerospace, Aerospace engineering, Marine engineering, Motor vehicles, Space technology and transport.
Information and communication-: Communication, Graphics, Music technology, Speech recognition and Visual technology.
Applied science-: Artificial intelligence, Ceramic engineering, Computing technology, Electronics, Energy, Energy storage, Engineering physics, Environmental technology, Materials science, Materials engineering, Microtechnology, Nanotechnology, Nuclear technology and Optical engineering.
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| Technology |
| 03.05.08 (8:51 pm) [edit] |
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Technology is the science of appling the knowledge in effective and usefull ways. The study of surounding resouces and make useful them is also knwon as technology. The term technology can be used differenty for different areas. Some says it an art of appling the knowledge. First study the available resources and then use them in the art-full manners.
Human have started useing technoloy with the natural resources and made tools of them. The invention of stone weapons made human more efficient in huntiing and survibing.The invention of the fire increased the sources of food.the invention of wheel helped people travel easily.
As the time went on the development in technology also increased. Use of cloths and shellter made the life of human comfertable amd easy. In beging technology used for essntials needs. But after some time the use of technology increased in other fields. Which helped in understand and approch the world widely.
The developments in technology happened in last few decades, in electronics and communications have lessened physical barriers and allowed humans to interact on a global scale. However, not all technology has been used for peaceful purposes; the development of weapons of ever-increasing destructive power has progressed throughout history, from clubs to nuclear weapons.
The life of humanbeings, society and its surroundings in a number of ways has been affected by technology. In the life style technology has helped develop more advanced economies and has allowed the rise living standerds. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of the Earth and its environment. Various implementations of technology influence the values of a society and new technology often raises new ethical questions. Examples include the rise of the notion of efficiency in terms of human productivity, a term originally applied only to machines, and the challenge of traditional norms.
Views and comments have arisen over the present and future use of technology in lifes, with disagreements over whether technology improves the human condition or worsens it. Some criticise the pervasiveness of technology in the modern world, claiming that it harms the environment and alienates people. On the other hand some view continued technological progress as beneficial to society and the human condition.
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